<![CDATA[Hydrocephalus]]> https://www.eurekaselect.com RSS Feed for Disease Wise Article | BenthamScience EurekaSelect (+http://eurekaselect.com) Fri, 29 Mar 2024 06:27:16 +0000 <![CDATA[Hydrocephalus]]> https://www.eurekaselect.com https://www.eurekaselect.com <![CDATA[Dural Venous Sinuses: What We Need to Know]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/104847Background: The dural venous sinuses (DVS), in general, are frequently asymmetrical and display far more anatomical variations than arterial systems. A comprehensive study of the anatomy and variants of the DVS can help surgeons in the preoperative evaluation and management as well as minimizing possible complications in the following treatment.

Methods: The current review was designed to provide a general overview of the normal anatomy and notable variants of the cerebral venous system as surveyed from the available literature. The pros and cons of different multimodal imaging methods for investigating DVS are also outlined. Finally, cases of various pathological entities are illustrated from our clinical practice.

Conclusion: There are many anatomical variations and lesions involving the DVS. MRI examination can provide essential information both on anatomical variation and morphological or functional change of the offending DVS in most circumstances. Multimodal non-invasive venography protocols may become a feasible alternative to the classical digital subtraction angiography and would improve the diagnostic accuracy in future studies.

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<![CDATA[Targeting Strategies in Therapeutic Applications of Toxoplasmosis: Recent Advances in Liposomal Vaccine Delivery Systems]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/101835 <![CDATA[Gender Differences in Characteristics and Outcome in Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/100693Background: Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a rare type of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH), which is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate gender differences in patients' characteristics, management and outcome at discharge and 90 days after PIVH.

Methods: Consecutive patients with PIVH from a single center in China were enrolled over a 7- year period. Gender differences in demographics, risk factors, etiological subtypes, treatment, and outcomes were examined. The logistic regression models were used in the study to identify the predictors of poor outcome.

Results: In total, 174 patients were analyzed, and 77 (44.3%) of them were women. Women with PIVH were younger (p = 0.047), with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). They had more cases caused by Moyamoya disease (p = 0.038). There were fewer patients with hypertension (p = 0.008), smoking (p<0.001), chronic alcoholism (p<0.001), harbored lower hemoglobin (p<0.001) and Absolute Monocyte Count (AMC) (p = 0.04) at admission compared with men. There were no differences between female and male patients regarding the mortality and poor outcome in the multivariable-adjusted models ((OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.15-2.14) and (OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.32-2.37), respectively). In subgroup analysis after adjustment, the gender specific independent predictors for unfavorable outcome were higher with a Graeb score (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.01-3.13) or AMC (OR = 9.66; 95% CI, 1.20-12.87) in women, and lower Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.87) or acute hydrocephalus (OR = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.86) in men.

Conclusion: Women with PIVH exhibit some distinctive baseline features compared with men. The gender difference of the PIVH does not appear to affect the neurological outcome. The predictors of poor outcomes are Graeb score and AMC in women and GCS score and acute hydrocephalus in men.

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<![CDATA[New Applications of Oleanolic Acid and its Derivatives as Cardioprotective Agents: A Review of their Therapeutic Perspectives]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/102092 <![CDATA[Modulation of Aquaporins by Dietary Patterns and Plant Bioactive Compounds ]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/83629 <![CDATA[Neuroprotective Methodologies of Co-Enzyme Q10 Mediated Brain Hemorrhagic Treatment: Clinical and Pre-Clinical Findings]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/98724 <![CDATA[Recent Advances in Rational Diagnosis and Treatment of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Critical Appraisal on Novel Diagnostic, Therapy Monitoring and Treatment Modalities ]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/96650Background: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a critical brain disorder in which excess Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is accumulated in the brain’s ventricles causing damage or disruption of the brain tissues. Amongst various signs and symptoms, difficulty in walking, slurred speech, impaired decision making and critical thinking, and loss of bladder and bowl control are considered the hallmark features of NPH.

Objective: The current review was aimed to present a comprehensive overview and critical appraisal of majorly employed neuroimaging techniques for rational diagnosis and effective monitoring of the effectiveness of the employed therapeutic intervention for NPH. Moreover, a critical overview of recent developments and utilization of pharmacological agents for the treatment of hydrocephalus has also been appraised.

Results: Considering the complications associated with the shunt-based surgical operations, consistent monitoring of shunting via neuroimaging techniques hold greater clinical significance. Despite having extensive applicability of MRI and CT scan, these conventional neuroimaging techniques are associated with misdiagnosis or several health risks to patients. Recent advances in MRI (i.e., Sagittal-MRI, coronal-MRI, Time-SLIP (time-spatial-labeling-inversion-pulse), PC-MRI and diffusion-tensor-imaging (DTI)) have shown promising applicability in the diagnosis of NPH. Having associated with several adverse effects with surgical interventions, non-invasive approaches (pharmacological agents) have earned greater interest of scientists, medical professional, and healthcare providers. Amongst pharmacological agents, diuretics, isosorbide, osmotic agents, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, digoxin, and gold-198 have been employed for the management of NPH and prevention of secondary sensory/intellectual complications.

Conclusion: Employment of rational diagnostic tool and therapeutic modalities avoids misleading diagnosis and sophisticated management of hydrocephalus by efficient reduction of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) production, reduction of fibrotic and inflammatory cascades secondary to meningitis and hemorrhage, and protection of brain from further deterioration.

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<![CDATA[Is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Common Link Between Neurodegenerative Disorders and Cancer?]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/97892Background: Cancer is a common disease caused by the excessive proliferation of cells, and neurodegenerative diseases are the disorders caused due to the degeneration of neurons. Both can be considered as diseases caused by the dysregulation of cell cycle events. A recent data suggests that there is a strong inverse association between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. There is indirect evidence to postulate Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a potential molecular link in this association.

Discussion: The BDNF levels are found to be downregulated in many neurodegenerative disorders and are found to be upregulated in various kinds of cancers. The lower level of BDNF in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease has been found to be related to cognitive and other neuropsychological impairments, whereas, its higher levels are associated with the tumour growth and metastasis and poor survival rate in the cancer patients.

Conclusion: In this review, we propose that variance in BDNF levels is critical in determining the course of cellular pathophysiology and the development of cancer or neurodegenerative disorder. We further propose that an alternative therapeutic strategy that can modulate BDNF expression, can rescue or prevent above said pathophysiological course. Larger studies that examine this link through animal studies are imperative to understand the putative biochemical and molecular link to wellness and disease.

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<![CDATA[Outcomes of Perilla Seed Oil as an Additional Neuroprotective Therapy in Patients with Mild to Moderate Dementia: A Randomized Control Trial]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/95202

Method: A double-blind, randomized-control trial (perilla seed oil versus placebo) in patients with mild to moderate dementia was conducted. Perilla seed oil or placebo was added on with standard treatment for six months. Cognitive function was compared at nine months after enrollment.

Result: 182 patients, with 94 in the experimental group and 88 in the placebo group, were able to complete the study. Cognitive function is not significantly different compared between groups. However, the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were significantly lower in the experimental group. Perilla seed oil had no adverse effect to kidney, liver, blood components or glucose metabolism.

Conclusion: Perilla seed oil as additional neuroprotective therapy in patients with mild to moderate dementia does not improve cognitive function. Perilla seed oil significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. A clinical trial is needed to prove the benefit of cholesterol-lowering effects with perilla seed oil in human.]]> <![CDATA[Five Decades of Cuprizone, an Updated Model to Replicate Demyelinating Diseases]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/84807

Conclusion: for five decades, the model of CPZ-induced demyelination is a good experimental approach to study demyelinating diseases that has maintained its validity, and is a suitable pharmacological model for reproducing some key features of demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis.]]> <![CDATA[Recent Advances in Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/84044

Methods: Initial damage force results in Primary brain injury, causing tissue destruction and distortion in the early post-injury period. These secondary injuries from TBI cause changes in cell performance and dissemination of trauma via activities like free-radical generation, depolarization, and formation of edema, excitotoxicity, and disruption of blood brain barrier, calcium homeostasis, and intracranial hematoma. The expectation for developing effect in TBI sufferers is the best knowledge of these activities and enhancement of remedies that restrict secondary brain damage.

Results: The focal point of this study is on knowing the complex outburst of secondary impairments and studying the pathophysiology of TBI which provides alternative treatment benefits.

Conclusion: While injured persons demonstrate dissimilar levels of harm and every case is novel with specific recovery profiles, this article strengthens the recent pathophysiological sight of TBI mainly attention on oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, cerebral oxygenation and cerebral blood flow (CBF), development of edema, and inflammatory activities. For initial research acknowledgment of these recurring factors could permit clarification of possible beneficial targets.]]> <![CDATA[Editorial: Advances in Therapies of Cerebellar Disorders]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/91154 <![CDATA[Quality of Life in Individuals Affected by Arnold Chiari Malformation: Comparison and Validation of a Measurement Instrument]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/87084

Methods: The English CSP instrument has a good internal validity and consistency. We used a standardized procedure for the linguistic validation of the translated scale. For the psychometric validation, we recruited 215 individuals with ACM and calculated the Cronbach&339;s alpha for the sample. The construct was validated by analyzing the age, sex, and presence of syringomyelia, as well as by correlating the results with the sickness impact profile 30 (SIP-30) questionnaire, which can also evaluate quality of life in this type of patient.

Results: The Spanish version of the CSP has good internal consistency and validity (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90); age, sex, and the presence of syringomyelia does not significantly affect the quality of life of patients with ACM. There was a direct and significant correlation between the Spanish CSP and the validated SIP-30 questionnaire results (p < 0.05). Further analysis showed a positive correlation for the physical and psychological scopes of the CSP and SIP-30 questionnaires, but not for their functional and social scopes.

Conclusion: This version of the CSP is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring quality of life in patients with ACM in the Spanish context.]]> <![CDATA[CT and MR Imaging of the Encephalopathic Child]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/83272

Conclusion: We present a review of the neuroradiological manifestations of neonatal and paediatric encephalopathies which will aide paediatricians and radiologists in their assessment of children with this condition.]]> <![CDATA[Mass Spectrometric Identification of Collagen Alpha-1 (III) Chain and Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan-4 Nitration in Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/84369

Methods: We used a proteomic approach to analyze nitrated plasma proteins in patients diagnosed with acute PE. Nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr)-containing proteins were immunoprecipitated with a NO2Tyr affinity sorbent. Precipitated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and visualized by either Coomassie Blue staining or western blotting with mouse monoclonal anti-NO2Tyr antibody. Immunoreactive bands observed in disease patients were in-gel digested and analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS).

Results: Mass fingerprint data sets obtained from the 138 kDa peptide fragment ions matched human collagen alpha-1 (III) chain (CO3A1) with Mascot algorithm analysis giving a score of 65 (p< 0.05). Mass fingerprint data sets obtained from the 250 kDa peptide fragment ions matched human chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) with Mascot algorithm analysis giving a score of 57 (p< 0.05). Nitration-induced alterations of CSPG4 activity can thus possibly lead to decreased fibrin degradation and enhanced complement system activity.

Conclusion: In vivo characteristics of these nitroproteins could be significant with regards to biomarker studies and understanding of disease mechanism in patients with PE. Future studies are aimed to understand the relevance of NO2Tyr modifications in CO3A1 and CSPG4 relating to changes in protein structure and function.]]> <![CDATA[Nano-encapsulation of Dietary Phytoconstituent Capsaicin on Emulsome: Evaluation of Anticancer Activity Through the Measurement of Liver Oxidative Stress in Rats]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/82903

Objective: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the protective effects of CAP loaded nano-emulsomes (EML) against the oxidative stress of rat livers induced through sodium fluoride (NaF).

Method: EML was prepared by thin film hydration method that is development of thin lipid film followed by hydration and sonication. EML was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. EML was evaluated for drug entrapment, in vitro drug release, and in vivo study.

Results: In vitro drug release study of optimized formulation showed that 50% of CAP was released within 50.21 min while 85% CAP was released in 227.4 min. Single oral dose of free CAP and CAP loaded EML were given to rats 2 hour after NaF administration. Membrane of hepatic cells was damaged by NaF and it was judged by the estimation of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and catalase activity. The administration of CAP loaded EML 2 hr after NAF consumption showed significant decrease in ROS level compared to free CAP. EML containing CAP was more effective in comparison to free CAP in controlling the lipid peroxidation that is thiobarbituric acid substance augmentation in liver by the treatment of NaF. The administration of CAP loaded EML showed significant increase in catalase activity compared to free CAP administration.

Conclusion: The results clearly demonstrated that CAP loaded EML may be accepted as an effective therapeutic formulation in preventing oxidative damage.]]> <![CDATA[Role of Psychiatrists in the Diagnosis and Management of Alzheimer's Disease “Revisited”: A Review and Clinical Opinion]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/85944 <![CDATA[Antioxidant SkQ1 Alleviates Signs of Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathology in Old OXYS Rats by Reversing Mitochondrial Deterioration]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/84300

Objective: Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 can suppress the development of AD signs, but its therapeutic potential in AD at clinical stages is currently unknown.

Method: Using OXYS rats that simulate key characteristics of sporadic AD, we evaluated effects of SkQ1 treatment from the age of 19 to 24 months on the locomotor and exploratory activities, signs of neurodegeneration detectable by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), amyloid-β (Aβ) protein levels in the hippocampus and serum, and structure of the mitochondrial apparatus in hippocampal neurons.

Results: Treatment with SkQ1 increased behavioral activity in OXYS and Wistar (control) rats. According to MRI, SkQ1 decreased the percentage of animals with demyelination only among Wistar rats. At the same time, the antioxidant reduced hippocampal Аβ1-40 and Аβ1-42 protein levels in both rat strains and did not affect serum Аβ levels. The number of mitochondria was significantly lower in OXYS rats; SkQ1 had no effect on this parameter but significantly reduced the destructive changes in mitochondria of both rat strains. As a result, in OXYS rats, the proportion of severely damaged mitochondria decreased, whereas in Wistar rats, the proportion of intact mitochondria increased.

Conclusion: According to our past and present results, the repair of the mitochondrial apparatus by SkQ1 is a promising strategy against AD.]]> <![CDATA[Prevalence of Frailty in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/82856

Objective: To conduct a systematic review on the prevalence of frailty and to combine the data to synthesize the pooled prevalence of physical frailty among patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Method: Five electronic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library) were searched for studies providing cross-sectional data on physical frailty among patients with Alzheimer's disease published from 2000 to January 2016.

Results: Of 2,564 studies identified through the systematic review, five studies incorporating 534 patients with Alzheimer's disease were included for the meta-analysis. The prevalence of frailty varied with a wide range from 11.1% to 50.0% and the pooled prevalence was 31.9% (five studies, 95% confidence interval (CI)=15.7%-48.5%). The high degree of heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. A borderline publication bias was detected.

Conclusion: The current study showed that frailty is highly prevalent in older patients with Alzheimer's disease in the community with the pooled prevalence of 31.9%. The true prevalence may be much higher given that end-stage patients may not be included. This information is important for clinicians and researchers.]]> <![CDATA[Congenital Malformations Attributed to Prenatal Exposure to Cyclophosphamide]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/80174 <![CDATA[Stem Cell Therapies for Intracerebral Hemorrhages]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/78494

Objective: Advances in the stem cell treatment of stroke have been remarkable. And stem cell experimentation on ischemic stroke, however, preceded such work on ICH and did not emphasized ICH therapy.

Method: We review recent stem cell treatments for ICH, an experimental model of ICH, the medical care of ICH, and several stem cell therapies for ICH along with future prospects.

Results: Stem cell therapy for ICH is effective in rodent or animal models. For humans, only a small number of clinical trials have been done, and significant functional recovery was recorded.

Conclusion: We need to reveal the mechanism of stem cell therapy and develop a reliable, definitive treatment strategy for treatment of ICH. In the future, several types of stem cells will be available for the treatment of ICH.]]>
<![CDATA[Pericyte: Potential Target for Hemorrhagic Stroke Prevention and Treatment]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/78034

Objective: To clarify the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic stroke and to identify novel therapeutic targets.

Method: Targeting pericytes, the typical mural cells of microvessels, could serve as a way to modulate microvascular permeability, development, and maturation by regulating endothelial cell functions and modulating tissue fibrosis and inflammatory responses.

Results: Pericytes in hemorrhagic stroke may exert the following functions: before bleeding, the morphological aberration and dysfunction of pericytes may lead to aneurysm formation, angiopsathyrosis, and hemodynamic disturbances, ultimately causing vasculature rupture. In the acute phase after hemorrhage, pericytes are faced with a complicated bleeding environment, which results in the death of pericytes, blood-brain barrier damage, pericyte-mediated inflammatory cascades, white matter impairment, and ultimately aggravated neural injury. In the recovery period post-hemorrhage, in situ pericytes are activated and differentiate into neurons, glia and endothelial cells to repair the neural vascular network. Moreover, many pericytes are recruited to the lesion and contribute to blood-brain barrier remodeling, thus facilitating neurovascular functional recovery after stroke.

Conclusion: Due to the multiple functions of pericytes in the development of vascular rupture and hemorrhagic stroke pathophysiology, additional drugs and trials targeting pericytes and evaluations of their effectiveness are required in future investigations to develop new strategies for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke.]]>
<![CDATA[Current Therapeutic Drugs Against Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Comprehensive Review of Basic and Clinical Studies]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/77604

Objective: In this review, we introduce current candidate beneficial drugs against CVS in clinical SAH, including nimodipine and other Ca2+ channel antagonists, magnesium sulfate, clazosentan, statins, cilostazol, eicosapentaenoic acid, fasudil hydrochloride, milrinone, and edaravone, all of which have been frequently studied in recent years.]]>
<![CDATA[BDNF/NF-κB Signaling in the Neurobiology of Depression]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/80979

Methodology: We review the bidirectional interactions between BDNF and NF-kB signaling pathways.

Results and Conclusions: We discuss a potential beneficial effect of a positive feedback loop between BDNF and NF-kB activated pathways in antidepressant action. This could be transduced into the identification of downstream NF-kB gene targets able to potentiate antidepressant mechanisms, thus guiding the development of novel and faster acting antidepressant drugs.]]>
<![CDATA[Early Hematoma Enlargement in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/83096

Objective: This review of early hematoma enlargement in primary intracerebral hemorrhage discusses definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, and novel treatment options aimed at improving outcomes.

Conclusion: Novel imaging predictors such as CT angiography spot sign and CT blend sign may predict early hematoma growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Monitoring and modulation of blood pressure may improve outcomes. Rapid reduction of blood pressure to <140 mm Hg may be safe in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.]]>
<![CDATA[Early Brain Injury or Vasospasm? An Overview of Common Mechanisms]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/78195

Objective: The goal of this study is to review the common mechanisms of early brain injury and vasospasm.

Results: The acute events following SAH, such as increased intracranial pressure and decreased cerebral blood flow, causing global cerebral ischemia initiate a cascade of pathological changes including inflammation, lipid peroxidation, cell death and blood brain barrier disruption.

Conclusion: The more insight we gain into the EBI we realize that there are a bunch of common mechanisms between EBI and vasospasm. In the SAH management, a therapy targeting these early injuries may also reduce the later developing pathological neurological complications.]]>
<![CDATA[Aligning Animal Models of Clinical Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage, From Basic Correlation to Therapeutic Approach]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/76571

Objectives: This review discusses the mechanisms of germinal matrix hemorrhage, the animal models utilized, and the potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusion: Potential therapeutic approaches identified in pre-clinical investigations include corticosteroid therapy, iron chelator administration, and transforming growth factor-β pathway modulation, which all warrant further investigation. Thus, effective preclinical modeling is essential for elucidating and evaluating novel therapeutic approaches, ahead of clinical consideration.]]>
<![CDATA[Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Treatment in Coiled Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/74717

Objective: Ninety-nine consecutive coiled SAH patients were included. Laboratory and clinical parameters as well as culture positive infections were followed over the disease course. Long-term outcome was assessed at 6-month by the Glasgow Outcome score (GOS) and dichotomized in favorable (GOS>3) and unfavorable outcome (GOS≤3).

Results: The most frequent infections were pulmonary (30.3%) urinary tract (25.3%), blood stream infections (20.2%) and ventriculitis (5.1%). The incidence of infections did not significantly differ between outcome groups. In contrast, patients with unfavorable outcome had a higher incidence of sepsis (46.7% versus 24.6%). C-reactive protein (CRP) and leukocytes were significantly higher in patients with unfavorable outcome. A CRP increase of 6 mg/dl or more in the first 3 days after SAH was independently associated with unfavorable outcome (OR 7.19 CI 1.7-30.52; p=0.008). Patients with an early CRP increase were more frequently treated with antimicrobial therapy in the first 3 days after admission which led to a significantly lower incidence of culture positive infections in the later course.

Conclusion: A sharp CRP-increase in the acute phase of SAH could potentially aid the intensivist in the early identification of patients at high risk for neurological morbidity. Early antimicrobial treatment reduces the rate of patients showing culture positive infections in the course of the disease.]]>
<![CDATA[Neuroinflammation is Associated with Brain Extracellular TAU-Protein Release After Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/73358

Methods: Prospectively collected data from 26 consecutive poor-grade aSAH patients with multimodal neuromonitoring including cerebral microdialysis (CMD) were retrospectively analyzed. IL-6 and TAU-protein levels were analyzed using ELISA from a single CMD-sample every 24 hours and correlated with brain metabolic and hemodynamic parameters. Patients were dichotomized to highgrade (N=10) or low-grade (N=16) neuroinflammation according to their median CMD-IL-6 levels. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to account for multiple within-subject measurements.

Results: Perilesional probe location (P=0.02) and aSAH related intracerebral hemorrhage (aICH) volume (P=0.003) at admission were associated with high-grade neuroinflammation. Brain extracellular TAU-protein levels (P=0.001), metabolic distress and delayed cerebral infarction (DCI; P=0.001) were linked to high-grade neuroinflammation. Relative or absolute phosphor-TAU levels were not correlated with CMD-IL-6 levels. High-grade neuroinflammation was a predictor for worse outcome three months after ictus, independently from probe location, initial Hunt&Hess grade and age (P=0.01).

Conclusion: Neuroinflammation after aSAH is associated with intraparenchymal bleeding, deranged cerebral metabolism and TAU-protein release. The impact of potential anti-inflammatory treatment strategies on secondary brain injury after aSAH has to be investigated in future studies.]]>
<![CDATA[Maintaining Plasma Fibrinogen Levels and Fibrinogen Replacement Therapies for Treatment of Intracranial Hemorrhage]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/72396

Objectives: Within this review, we examine the role of fibrinogen in intracranial hemorrhage and evaluate the use of fibrinogen replacement therapies for maintaining normal levels of this key hemostatic protein. The pros and cons are discussed and an opinion of the most appropriate fibrinogen replacement therapy for intracranial hemorrhage is made.

Conclusion: It is concluded that fibrinogen concentrate seems to be the most suitable therapy for elevating plasma fibrinogen for the treatment of intracranial hemorrhage with hematoma expansion.]]>
<![CDATA[Intraventricular Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Treatment of Aneurysmal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/70194

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from January 1980 to March 2015 for studies in English. The primary outcome was good functional improvement. The secondary outcomes were angiographic vasospasm, acute obstructive hydrocephalus, hemorrhage rate, and mortality.

Results: Three observational studies and 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 217 patients were included in the present study. There is a significant difference in angiographic vasospasm (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.85, P = 0.01). In the subgroup analysis, angiographic vasospasm (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.88, P = 0.02) and acute obstructive hydrocephalus (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.84, P = 0.01) showed significant differences in the observational studies. High dosage of rt-PA showed a significant difference in angiographic vasospasm (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.97, P = 0.04). Sensitivity analysis showed that no significant differences were observed in all the outcomes after the Ramakrishna 2010 trial was excluded.

Conclusion: Intraventricular rt-PA has no significant efficacy on the long-term functional recovery after aneurysmal SAH with IVH. However, high dosage of rt-PA might reduce the incidence of angiographic vasospasm. A feasible, large-scale, multi-center, placebo RCT is needed to confirm the present findings.]]>
<![CDATA[The Ultimate Outlier: Transitional Care for Persons with Dementia and BPSD]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/83454

Objective: The current study reviewed one specialized transitional unit to better understand the characteristics of the persons with dementia and behavioral symptoms entering such unit. The study also looked at the change in terms of (a) BPSD, (b) use of psychotropic medications and (c) function of the patients in this unit.

Method: A retrospective chart review of 73 residents of a transitional care unit was conducted. Background and outcome information were collected on electronic data entry sheets.

Results: Patients had an average age of 75.0 years, 74.0% were men. Mean Cognitive Performance Scale score was 4.7. Comparing admission to discharge, there was a significant decrease in BPSD, and a significant increase in number of central nervous system medications. There were no significant changes in cognition or ability to perform activities of daily living.

Conclusion: Patient characteristics differed from those of other long term care settings. This unique population requires further study to optimize the outcomes.]]>
<![CDATA[White Matter Integrity in Subcortical Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Multimodal Structural MRI Study]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/82535

Methods: Twenty-eight patients with SVCI and twenty control subjects underwent structural MRI scans and neuropsychological assessment. WM volume (WMV), WM hyperintensities (WMH), lacunar infarcts (LI), diffusion tensor imaging parameters and structural network characteristics were compared between two groups. Correlations between these parameters and general cognitive function were calculated.

Results: WMV, WMH load, LI number, mean fractional anisotropy (FA), peak height and peak location of mean diffusivity (MD) of normal-appearing WM (NAWM) and structural network characteristics were significantly different between the two groups. Disruption of WM microstructure and network characteristics was widespread. WMV, WMH load, mean FA and peak location of MD of NAWM explained about 70% of the variance in structural network characteristics. Shortest path length with LI number explained 47.5% of the variance in z-scores.

Conclusion: SVCI was associated with widespread disruptions of WM integrity in the brain. Network characteristics may be a comprehensive reflection of WM integrity and a superior predictor of general cognitive function, while LI was an independent predictor of cognitive impairment.]]>
<![CDATA[Copy Number Variations with Isolated Fetal Ventriculomegaly]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/82112

Objectives: To investigate possible associations between CNVs and the development of fetal IMV.

Methods: This retrospective study recruited 154 subjects with ultrasound-confirmed fetal IMV and 190 subjects in a control cohort who underwent a high-risk prenatal serum screening program. The exclusion criteria included fetus G-banding chromosomal abnormality or positive fetus TORCH infection. DNA samples from all 344 fetuses were examined by an SNP-array. Developmental outcomes were assessed during postnatal follow-up.

Results: Fourteen pathogenic CNVs (pCNVs) were identified in 13 out of 154 IMV fetuses. Three pCNVs were found in 3 out of 190 subjects in the prenatal screening high-risk cohort, with a significant difference (P value=0.016, X2 test). Notably, the 14 pCNVs detected in the IMV cohort were all associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs), including autism, intellectual disability. Among the 13 IMV fetuses carrying pCNVs, five subjects were found in the postnatal follow-up to manifest NDs, including two with autism and three with mild neurodevelopmental delay. The other 8 subjects consisted of three normal infants younger than 12-months old, two lost in the follow-up, and three with the termination of pregnancy. Out of 141 IMV subjects without detectable pCNVs, 123 subjects showed normal development, 16 were lost in the follow-up, 2 subjects terminated the pregnancy due to fetal hydrocephalus or congenital heart disease in the late fetus development.

Conclusions: This study suggests an association between pCNVs and fetal IMV. pCNVs may be involved in the pathological process of fetal IMV and postnatal NDs. Identifying specific genomic alterations may provide an insight into pathogenetic mechanism and aid better diagnosis and prognosis of neurodevelopmental outcomes in fetal IMV.

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<![CDATA[Obesity and Pregnancy]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/80476 <![CDATA[Synopsis on Managment Strategies for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Challenges from Bench to Bedside in Successful Drug Discovery and Development]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/80531 <![CDATA[Congenital Abnormalities: Consequence of Maternal Zika Virus Infection: A Narrative Review]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/79012

Objectives: This paper reviewed current reports on birth defects associated with ZIKV, mode of transmission, body fluids containing the virus, diagnosis, possible preventive measures or treatments, and vaccine development.

Methods: Google scholar was used as the major search engine for research and review articles, up to July, 2016. Search terms such as “ZIKV”, “ZIKV infection”, “ZIKV serotypes”, “treatment of ZIKV infection”, “co-infection with zika virus”, “flavivirus”, “microcephaly and zika”, “birth defects and Zika”, as well as “ZIKV vaccine” were used.

Results: ZIKV has been detected in several body fluids such as saliva, semen, blood, and amniotic fluid. This reveals the possibility of sexual and mother to child transmission. The ability of the virus to cross the placental barrier and the blood brain barrier (BBB) has been associated with birth defects such as microcephaly, ocular defects, and Guillian Barre syndrome (GBS). Preventive measures can reduce the spread and risk of the infection. Available treatments only target symptoms while vaccines are still under development.

Conclusion: Birth defects are associated with ZIKV infection in pregnant women; hence the need for development of standard treatments, employment of strict preventive measures and development of effective vaccines.

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<![CDATA[Stem Cell Genetic Therapy for Fanconi Anemia – A New Hope]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/80892 <![CDATA[FDG PET/MR Imaging in Major Neurocognitive Disorders]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/76693

In this paper we review the current evidence on the use of integrated PET/MRI scanners to investigate patients with neurodegenerative conditions, and in particular major neurocognitive disorders. The number of studies performed is still limited and shows that the use of PET/MRI gives results overall comparable to PET/CT and MRI acquired independently. We also address the challenges for quantitative aspects in PET/MRI, namely attenuation, partial volume and motion correction and the use of semi-quantitative approaches for FDG PET image analysis in this framework.

The recent development of PET tracers for the in vivo differential diagnosis of dementias, able to visualize amyloid and tau deposits, suggests that in the future PET/MRI might represent the investigation of choice for a single session evaluation of morphological, functional and molecular markers.]]> <![CDATA[Development of a Registry for Down Syndrome in the Gulf Area of the Middle East]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/79668 <![CDATA[Gut Permeability and Microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease: Role of Depression, Tryptophan Catabolites, Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Melatonergic Pathways]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/78242

Methods: In this article we review and integrate these wider biological changes in PD, including increased oxidative and nitrosative stress, immune-inflammatory processes, tryptophan catabolites and alterations in serotoninergic and melatoninergic pathways.

Results: These wider biological changes in PD are compatible with alterations in gut permeability and changes in gut microbiota. By driving tryptophan down the kynurenine pathway, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chronic stress-driven activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis decrease the availability of serotonin as a precursor for activation of the melatonergic pathways.

Conclusion: Decreased local melatonin synthesis in glia, gut, neuronal and immune cells is likely to be important to the etiology, course and management of PD.

]]> <![CDATA[Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: New Pathophysiological Insights and Emerging Therapeutic Targets]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/75523

Objective: To review the clinical features and current treatment challenges of DIPG, and discuss emerging insights into the unique genomic and epigenomic mechanisms driving DIPG pathogenesis that present new opportunities for the identification of therapeutic targets.

Conclusion: In recent years, an increased availability of biopsy and rapid autopsy tissue samples for preclinical investigation has combined with the advent of new genomic and epigenomic profiling tools to yield remarkable advancements in our understanding of DIPG disease mechanisms. As well, a deeper understanding of the developmental context of DIPG is shedding light on therapeutic targets in the microenvironment of the childhood brain.

]]>
<![CDATA[Blood-Brain Barrier ABC-transporter P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer's Disease: Still a Suspect?]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/77540 <![CDATA[Potential Pathways for CNS Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/77345 <![CDATA[Optic Nerve and Cerebral Edema in the Course of Diabetic Ketoacidosis]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/73975 <![CDATA[Merging Transport Data for Choroid Plexus with Blood-Brain Barrier to Model CNS Homeostasis and Disease More Effectively]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/78358 <![CDATA[An Unusual Case of Reversible Empty Sella]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/70810

Case Description: A young female with headache, nausea, dizziness, diplopia and visual impairment showed an empty sella on MRI and increased CSF pressure at the lumbar puncture. After an initial improvement, there was a progressive worsening of the headache, especially in orthostatic position, with transient relief after bed rest and hydration. At MRI the empty sella was no longer evident, cerebellar tonsils were displaced in the occipital foramen and there was an impregnation of the meninges after contrast medium, a picture of CSF hypotension, probably due to the previously performed lumbar puncture causing a fistula with leak of CSF and consequent disappearance of the empty sella. The patient gradually improved after being submitted to epidural blood patch.

Conclusions: The case here reported demonstrates that an empty sella can be a reversible condition in rare cases. Its disappearance can be due to the reduction in intracranial pressure caused by the lumbar puncture itself. The changes in the characteristics of the headache, in particular its worsening in the orthostatic position, should lead to the suspicion of CSF leak through a fistula and consequent intracranial hypotension, a dangerous and sometimes life-threatening condition.]]> <![CDATA[Endocannabinoid System in Neurological Disorders]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/77134

Methods: In this paper we review the endocannabinoid system signaling and its alteration in neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease and discuss the main findings about the use of cannabinoids in the therapy of these pathologies.

Results: Despite different etiologies, neurodegenerative disorders exhibit similar mechanisms like neuro-inflammation, excitotoxicity, deregulation of intercellular communication, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of brain tissue homeostasis. Current treatments ameliorate the symptoms but are not curative. Interfering with the endocannabinoid signaling might be a valid therapeutic option in neuro-degeneration. To this aim, pharmacological intervention to modulate the endocannabinoid system and the use of natural and synthetic cannabimimetic drugs have been assessed. CB1 and CB2 receptor signaling contributes to the control of Ca2+ homeostasis, trophic support, mitochondrial activity, and inflammatory conditions.

Conclusion: Several studies and patents suggest that the endocannabinoid system has neuro-protective properties and might be a target in neurodegenerative diseases.

]]> <![CDATA[Alzheimer’s Disease and Molecular Chaperones: Current Knowledge and the Future of Chaperonotherapy]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/75805 <![CDATA[Substance P and Alzheimer’s Disease: Emerging Novel Roles]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/74698

Substance P (SP) is an 11-aa neuropeptide, member of the tachykinin family, broadly distributed in the Central Nervous System where it acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and neurotrophic factor. This peptide may play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders, since reduced levels of SP were found in brain areas and spinal fluid of AD patients. In addition to its neuroprotective properties, it was recently demonstrated that SP is able to stimulate non-amyloidogenic APP processing, thereby reducing the possibility of generation of toxic Aβ peptides in the brain. Recent studies, using in vitro and in vivo models, have also shown that the neuroprotective role of SP against Aβ could be related to its ability of modulate Kv channel currents.

In this review, we briefly summarized the current findings on the neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of SP, providing information about its anti-amyloidogenic and anti-Aβ toxicity role.]]> <![CDATA[Strategies for the Assessment of Metabolic Profiles of Steroid Hormones in View of Diagnostics and Drug Monitoring: Analytical Problems and Challenges]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/75324

Methods: A lot of bibliographic databases for world research literature were structurally searched using selected review question and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Next, the reports of the highest quality were selected using standard tools (181) and they were described to evaluate the advantages and limitations of different approaches in the measurements of the steroids and their metabolites.

Results: The overview of the analytical challenges, development of methods used in the assessment of the metabolic pathways of steroid hormones, and the priorities for future research with a special consideration for liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques have been presented. Moreover, many LC and CE applications in pharmacological and psychological studies as well as endocrinology and sports medicine, taking into account the recent progress in the area of the metabolic profiling of steroids, have been critically discussed.

Conclusion: The latest reports show that LC systems coupled with mass spectrometry have the predominant position in the research of steroid profiles. Moreover, CE techniques are going to gain a prominent position in the diagnosis of hormone levels in the near future.]]> <![CDATA[An Intelligent Three-dimensional Ultrasound Program for Rapidly Imaging of the Fetal Cranial Mid-sagittal Plane]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/74813 <![CDATA[Preclinical Models of Multiple Sclerosis: Advantages and Limitations Towards Better Therapies]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/74826 <![CDATA[Drug Delivery to CNS: Challenges and Opportunities with Emphasis on Biomaterials Based Drug Delivery Strategies]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/74741 <![CDATA[The Production of Solid Dosage Forms from Non-Degradable Polymers]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/73792 <![CDATA[Anesthesia Issues in Central Nervous System Disorders]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/72072 <![CDATA[Vascular Endothelial Primary Cilia: Mechanosensation and Hypertension]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/68403 <![CDATA[Biomarkers in Silent Traumatic Brain Injury]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/72250

In this review of the literature, we present novel circulating biomolecules, as potential biomarkers of silent TBI, like neurofilaments, Cleaved-Tau (C-Tau), Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (MAP2), Neuron-Specific Enolase, S100B and ferritin. In addition to this, assessment of white matter abnormalities and white matter integrity by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have emerged as promising sensitive neuroimaging methods of silent TBI. An integrated research is needed to fully understand the interplay between all the aforementioned indices and DTI. The potential diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic values of the all aforementioned indices will be analyzed in the proposed review.]]> <![CDATA[Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome with Atypical Presentation: A Pictorial Review on MR Imaging Features]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/72230 <![CDATA[Clinical Pharmacology of Phenobarbital in Neonates: Effects, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/71296A. The loading dose of phenobarbital is 20 mg/kg intravenously and the maintenance dose is 3 to 4 mg/kg by mouth. The serum concentration of phenobarbital is up to 40 g/ml. Nonresponders should receive additional doses of 5 to 10 mg/kg until seizures stop. Infants with refractory seizures may have a serum concentration of phenobarbital of 100 g/ml. Phenobarbital is metabolized in the liver by CYP2C9 with minor metabolism by CYP2C19 and CYP2E1. A quarter of the dose of phenobarbital is excreted unchanged in the urine. In adults, the half-life of phenobarbital is 100 hours and in term and preterm infants is 103 and 141 hours, respectively. The half-life of phenobarbital decreases 4.6 hours per day and it is 67 hours in infants 4 week old.]]> <![CDATA[Cognitive Impairment in Depression]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/70038 <![CDATA[Genetics of Vesicoureteral Reflux]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/71091 <![CDATA[Formaldehyde as a trigger for protein aggregation and potential target for mitigation of age-related, progressive cognitive impairment]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/69507in vitro. Formaldehyde-induced Tau aggregation is implicated in cytotoxicity and neural cell apoptosis. Clarifying how FA triggers Aβ deposits and Tau hyperphosphorlyation will not only improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of age-related cognitive impairment but will also contribute to the ongoing investigation of alternate targets for new drugs. Here, we review the role of FA, particularly that of endogenous origin, in protein aggregation and as a potential drug intervention in the development of agerelated cognitive impairment.]]> <![CDATA[Neuroimaging of Non-Accidental Injury]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/69158

What is not in question, however, is the role of imaging; the radiologist is often at the front line in terms of raising the spectre of NAI and in assessing the probability given the objective imaging features available.

Non-accidental head injury (NAHI) encompasses a broad spectrum of manifestations, ranging from trivial superficial injuries to potentially fatal severe brain trauma. In this review, we aim to introduce the epidemiological, historical and legal aspects of NAI. Focussing specifically on NAHI, current biomechanical theories and neuropathological aspects will be discussed. Finally, the patterns of injury and prognosticating features with respect to the various imaging modalities will be covered, with careful consideration given to differential diagnoses and syndrome mimics.

]]>
<![CDATA[Social Markers of Mild Cognitive Impairment: Proportion of Word Counts in Free Conversational Speech]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/67747 <![CDATA[Integration of Cognitive Tests and Resting State fMRI for the Individual Identification of Mild Cognitive Impairment]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/68903 <![CDATA[Perinatal Management of Fetal Tumors]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/68820 <![CDATA[Tissue-Specific Methylation of Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element-1 of Homo Sapiens (L1Hs) During Human Embryogenesis and Roles in Neural Tube Defects]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/68391 <![CDATA[Outcome Prediction after Non-aneurysmal Non-traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/67851 <![CDATA[Commentary: Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Therapy for Patients with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases of the CNS]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/68255 <![CDATA[FDG-PET in the Evaluation of Brain Metabolic Changes Induced by Cognitive Stimulation in aMCI Subjects]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/66849 <![CDATA[The Use of Metronidazole During Pregnancy: A Review of Evidence]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/67348 <![CDATA[Mouse Models of Multiple Sclerosis: Lost in Translation?]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/65954 <![CDATA[Atypical PKCι as Target for Glioblastoma Therapy]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/64926 <![CDATA[Editorial (Thematic Issue: Neurological Disorders)]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/65871 <![CDATA[Neonatal Brain Hemorrhage (NBH) of Prematurity: Translational Mechanisms of the Vascular-Neural Network]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/64533 <![CDATA[Plasma Metabolic Profiling of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/64027 <![CDATA[Fibrillar, Fibril-associated and Basement Membrane Collagens of the Arterial Wall: Architecture, Elasticity and Remodeling Under Stress]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/62776

Tightly packed molecules of collagen types I, III, V provide high tensile strength along collagen fibrils but toughness of the collagen scaffold as a whole depends on molecular bonds between distinct fibrils. Apart of other macromolecules in the extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen-specific interlinks involve microfilaments of collagen type VI, meshwork-organized collagen type VIII, and FACIT collagen type XIV. Basement membrane collagen types IV, XV, XVIII and cell-associated collagen XIII enable transmission of mechanical signals between cells and whole artery matrix.

Collagen scaffold undergoes continuous remodeling by decomposition promoted with MMPs and reconstitution from newly produced collagen molecules. Pulsatile stress-strain load modulates both collagen synthesis and MMP-dependent collagen degradation. In this way the ECM structure becomes adoptive to mechanical challenges.

The mechanoelastic properties of the arterial wall are changed in atherosclerosis concomitantly with collagen turnover both type-specific and dependent on the structure. Improving the feedback could be another approach to restore sufficient blood circulation.]]> <![CDATA[Single Amino Acid Repeats Connect Viruses to Neurodegeneration]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/59143 <![CDATA[Conference Report: 12<sup>th</sup> International Congress on Neuroprotective Agents (ICNA), Charlottesville, VA, USA September 28, 2014-Ocobert 01, 2014]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/63377 <![CDATA[Novel Agents in CNS Myeloma Treatment]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/61806 <![CDATA[Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis Patients through Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/62081 <![CDATA[Natural Compounds and Plant Extracts as Therapeutics Against Chronic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease - A Translational Perspective]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/62375 <![CDATA[Bridging Over the Troubled Heterogeneity of SPG-Related Pathologies: Mechanisms Unite What Genetics Divide]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/62730

The past two decades have witnessed major advances in our understanding of their molecular bases with the identification of a plethora of loci and the cloning of several SPG genes. Combined genetic and clinical information has permitted a modern, molecularly-driven classification and an improved diagnosis, with several new data on the possible disease mechanisms. Further heterogeneity will rapidly emerge with the diffusion of next-generation sequencing platforms and, under the shadow of common themes in the pathogenesis, new therapeutic options will likely emerge for a great number of patients.]]> <![CDATA[Perspectives on Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Discovery of Anti- Tubercular Drugs]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/61272 <![CDATA[Iron Overload is Associated with Perihematoma Edema Growth Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage that may Contribute to In-hospital Mortality and Long-term Functional Outcome]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/60758 <![CDATA[Microglial Activation with Reduction in Autophagy Limits White Matter Lesions and Improves Cognitive Defects During Cerebral Hypoperfusion]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/60587 <![CDATA[Onset Age and Clinical Heterogeneity of Dementias: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/61239

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with senile and presenile onset dementia, to compare their neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological profiles according to onset age and to provide clinical approach.

Methods: A two year prospective-retrospective study was conducted. All patients were evaluated with a complete neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological battery, laboratory tests and neuroimaging. Healthy control subjects were also studied.

Results: Included 366 subjects were divided into over or under 65 years old, and then matched for educational level. AD was the most common cause of dementia in subjects over 65 years of age, followed by depression and FTD. Subjects younger than 65 years old, showed higher prevalence of depression followed by FTD, AD, and finally primary progressive aphasia (PPA). At younger ages, the highest severity of cognitive impairment, behavioral disorder and major depression were observed.

Conclusion: Onset age of cognitive and/or behavioral impairment may be one of the variables influencing the clinical heterogeneity of dementias. Many of the young-onset dementias may be potentially reversible so, its early identification and pathophysiology understand, increase pharmacological intervention opportunities of halting the cascade of events that lead inexorably to dementia. In the new era of biomarkers, their help in identifying each clinical phenotype could encourage their best use in clinical practice and help selecting more accurate pharmacological treatment.]]> <![CDATA[Cerebrovascular Profile Assessment in Parkinson's Disease Patients]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/61032

Aim: To assess the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular profiles of PD patients.

Patients and Methods: The cardiovascular risk factors of 126 PD patients were assessed according to laboratory tests (fasting blood sugar, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids), Doppler ultrasound examinations and personal histories of cerebrovascular disease (ischemic/hemorrhagic), cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarct or angina confirmed by electrocardiogram), hypertension and diabetes. All patients underwent cerebral structural imaging procedures: computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

Results: 58.73% of the patients presented with hypertension, with a slight predominance of female patients (65.38% vs 47.92%, P = 0.05). Carotid or vertebral atheromatosis was present in 39 (30.95%) and 28 (22.22%) of patients, respectively, and was statistically correlated with the presence of ischemic lesions on cerebral imaging. Regarding the computed tomography findings, 33 patients (28.21%) presented with cortical atrophy that was not correlated with any of the investigated cardiovascular factors.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are common in PD patients, possibly due to their older age. The presence of atherosclerosis and its complications can be detected in cerebral imaging studies.]]> <![CDATA[Zolpidem Arousing Effect in Persistent Vegetative State Patients: Autonomic, EEG and Behavioral Assessment]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/55945 <![CDATA[A Translational View of Peptide Treatment of Neurological Disorders]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/59223 <![CDATA[Quantitative Gait Disturbances in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/56125 <![CDATA[Soluble Amyloid-β Levels and Late-Life Depression]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/54008 <![CDATA[CSF Ubiquitin As a Specific Biomarker in Alzheimer's Disease]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/59888 <![CDATA[Conventional (Continuous) EEG Monitoring in the NICU]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/60010 <![CDATA[Near Infrared Optical Technologies to Illuminate the Status of the Neonatal Brain]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/60018 <![CDATA[Is Helicobacter pylori the Infectious Trigger for Headache?: A Review]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/57784 <![CDATA[PET Radiotracers for Molecular Imaging in Dementia]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/57667 <![CDATA[Flow Volumes of Internal Jugular Veins are Significantly Reduced in Patients with Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/57913 <![CDATA[Early Timing of Endovascular Treatment for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Achieves Improved Outcomes]]>https://www.eurekaselect.comarticle/57951