Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, poses a significant global health threat owing to its widespread prevalence and high morbidity in affected individuals. The absence of specific antiviral medications and vaccines and the escalating number of CHIKV-infected individuals calls for the search and development of new therapeutic strategies to treat or reduce the morbidity of chronic infections. Several plants and plant-based products have been used traditionally to treat viral diseases, but their potential against CHIKV has yet to be investigated. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the folklore medicinal plants' anti-chikungunya potential and their phytochemicals, which are probably responsible for the observed activity. The maximum non-toxic concentration of extracts was used to assess the antiviral activity by focus-forming unit (FFU) assay. The chemical constituents of active extracts were detected using GC-MS analysis. Extract of Azadirachta indica reduced the virus titre from 8.145 to 7.998 and 8.361 to 8.100 mean log10 FFU/ml under pre- and post-treatment, respectively. Calendula officinalis and Piper retrofractum showed anti-CHIKV activity under post-treatment only (8.361 to 8.135, 8.361 to 8.075). GC-MS analysis detected potential phytochemicals such as piperine, stigmasta-3,5-diene, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, lupeol, phytol, and bisabolene, which were further investigated for molecular interactions with CHIKV non-structural protein (nSP2), which revealed that the phytochemicals A1, F3, F5, and F6 have better interactions with amino acids of target protein nSP2 and correlate to anti-CHIKV activity. The screened plants showed efficacy against CHIKV and hold potential for further investigation in developing treatments for Chikungunya.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is the extremely infectious viral disease, which is originated by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to COVID-19, more than 6 million deaths are recorded worldwide. In China's Hubei Province's Wuhan, the very first event was identified. SARS-CoV-2 spread globally extremely quickly at the culmination of December 2019 in an extremely brief time. A vaccine is a biological substance that gives the recipient active acquired immunity against an illness or cancer. A vaccine comprises diminished or eradicated versions of the microorganisms or its poisonous component and incorporates a substance that prompts the body's immunity to identify and eliminate the pathogenic organism. Vaccine can be prophylactic or therapeutic but some vaccines prevent the infection completely by sterilizing the immunity. COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to generate antibodies to fight against this infection. The COVID-19 virus's exterior has a spike-like framework identified as an S protein, which is used in the vaccine in an innocuous form. There are many types of COVID-19 vaccines, which are approved by WHO or being considered which comprise: Messenger RNA (mRNA), Vector vaccine, Protein subunit vaccine, inactivated vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine.

In recent years, there have been notable strides while developing mRNA vaccines, resulting in the creation of potent immunizations against diverse diseases. This review examines the most recent advancements in this field, focusing on their implications for future vaccine development. The pursuit of heightened vaccine efficacy is investigated through cutting-edge methods in adjuvant selection, delivery system optimization, and antigen selection. The review also explores the potential for personalized vaccines based on genetic profiles, along with the latest techniques to ensure vaccine stability and extend shelf life. Highlighting the versatility of mRNA vaccines in addressing emerging infectious diseases and their variations, the review underscores the significance of swift response plans and advanced technologies to counter evolving viral mutations. In summary, this in-depth analysis emphasizes how mRNA vaccines hold transformative potential in reshaping both therapeutic and preventive strategies. Notable achievements include the creation of extremely potent mRNA vaccinations against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing efforts to address challenges like long-term immune protection and increase the effectiveness and stability of mRNA vaccines are also discussed. This review's main goal is to provide a thorough summary of current advancements in mRNA vaccine technology while exploring how these advances may impact the future approaches of treating and preventing different disease.