Abstract
The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immunoinflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
Keywords: Autism, glia, immuno-inflammation, melatonin, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, tryptophan.
Current Neuropharmacology
Title:Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala
Volume: 12 Issue: 2
Author(s): George Anderson and Michael Maes
Affiliation:
Keywords: Autism, glia, immuno-inflammation, melatonin, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, tryptophan.
Abstract: The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immunoinflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Anderson George and Maes Michael, Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala, Current Neuropharmacology 2014; 12 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120223757
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120223757 |
Print ISSN 1570-159X |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6190 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
T Cell Replicative Senescence in Human Aging
Current Pharmaceutical Design Antisense Oligonucleotide Drug Design
Current Pharmaceutical Design From TGF-β to Cancer Therapy
Current Drug Targets Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Drug Discovery and Development: Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Disease
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Benzamide Riboside: A Novel Inhibitor of IMP Dehydrogenase
Current Medicinal Chemistry Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptors
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Breaking the Barrier of Cancer Through Liposome Loaded with Phytochemicals
Current Drug Delivery ROCK Inhibitors as Emerging Therapeutic Candidates for Sarcomas
Current Cancer Drug Targets Fighting Tumor Cell Survival: Advances in the Design and Evaluation of Pim Inhibitors
Current Medicinal Chemistry Understanding the Interaction Between Human Serum Albumin and Anti-Bacterial/ Anti-Cancer Compounds
Current Pharmaceutical Design Oxidative stress and myocarditis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine as a Scaffold for the Design and Synthesis of Anti- Tumour Drugs
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Application of NSAIDs and Derived Compounds in Alzheimers Disease
Current Alzheimer Research Prostratin: An Overview
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Safety Considerations Associated with Development and Clinical Application of Lentiviral Vector Systems for Gene Transfer
Current Genomics Hypomethylation and Activation of Syncytin-1 Gene in Endometriotic Tissue
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nanotherapeutics in Tumour Microenvironment for Cancer Therapy
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia The HIV-1 Capsid Protein as a Drug Target: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Current Protein & Peptide Science Potential Interactions between miRNAs and Hypoxia: A New Layer in Cancer Hypoxia
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Sequence and Time Dependence of Transfection Efficiency of Electrically- Assisted Gene Delivery to Tumors in Mice
Current Drug Delivery